Symptoms

Poor sleep. Can’t stay asleep.

Sleep onset is a melatonin and GABA problem. Sleep maintenance, staying asleep, especially the 2-4 AM wake, is mostly cortisol, blood sugar, progesterone, and GH-axis. The pattern of when you wake tells you which.

Most common causes

Cortisol spike at 2-4 AM

If you wake at 2-4 AM alert and can't fall back asleep, that's classic dysregulated cortisol. Often comes from chronic stress, late caffeine, or HPA exhaustion.

Test for itAM cortisol, 4-point salivary cortisol curve, DHEA-S

Low progesterone (perimenopause)

Progesterone is GABAergic, it deepens sleep. As it drops, sleep gets fragmented and night sweats appear.

Test for itProgesterone, estradiol, FSH

Blood sugar crash

If you wake hungry or shaky, you're dropping into hypoglycemia overnight. Common with skipped dinner or heavy alcohol.

Test for itFasting glucose, A1c, fasting insulin; CGM helpful

Low growth hormone / IGF-1

GH pulses during slow-wave sleep. Low GH-axis output is associated with poor restorative sleep, slow recovery, and poor skin turnover.

Test for itIGF-1, sleep architecture if persistent

Sleep apnea

Often missed in lean women. Untreated apnea destroys sleep architecture and crushes hormones.

Test for itSTOP-BANG screen, home sleep test

Low T / low estradiol

Both directly support deep sleep architecture. Restoring either improves sleep quality.

Test for itTotal/free T, estradiol

What works at OPTML

HRT or progesterone (women)

If perimenopausal, progesterone alone or full HRT restores sleep depth. Often the most dramatic single change a patient reports.

See full details →

Sermorelin (men + women, if low IGF-1)

GHRH analog that restores GH pulsing during sleep. Often noticeable within weeks for slow-wave sleep depth.

See full details →

TRT (men, if low T)

Restoring T improves sleep architecture and resolves the “tired but wired” pattern.

See full details →
Sleep hygiene helps but doesn't fix hormonal sleep disruption. If you do everything right and still wake at 3 AM, the problem is upstream.
Free clinical-grade tool
GH Optimization Score →
Sleep depth is the most consistent signal of GH-axis output. Score your sleep, recovery, and body composition to see if sermorelin is appropriate.

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